Revision Notes Templates - Transpiration and Light Dependent Reactions
As part of the fortnightly group tuition sessions running Mondays at 7.15pm for Alevel Biology - AQA and OCR A I am trying out these notes templates. Tonight we are covering Transpiration and the Light Dependent reactions
Improve your Exam Answers -Small changes that will get you more marks - UPDATED JAN 2023
How to change the language you use in A level Biology Answers, and get better grades
Language matters - look at these common mistakes and try not to repeat them
Carbohydrates, lipids and Food tests - Resources to Test your understanding
Powerpoints, videos and animations, a self marking quiz on lipids and carbohydrates.
Some tips
Number the carbons and understand when and how a 1,4 glycosidic bond forms.
Why it matters that you can form a 6,1 bond in order to branch a polysaccharide.
Why does it matter that polysaccharides are insoluble and mono and di-saccharides are soluble.
What is the consequence of Beta glucose forming cellulose
Which molecules have a 5 carbon sugar in mammals ?
Can you explain why fatty acids are non-polar and what is the consequence for the formation of cell membranes
Powerpoints, videos and animations, a self marking quiz on lipids and carbohydrates.
Some tips
Number the carbons and understand when and how a 1,4 glycosidic bond forms.
Why it matters that you can form a 6,1 bond in order to branch a polysaccharide.
Why does it matter that polysaccharides are insoluble and mono and di-saccharides are soluble.
What is the consequence of Beta glucose forming cellulose
Which molecules have a 5 carbon sugar in mammals ?
Can you explain why fatty acids are non-polar and what is the consequence for the formation of cell membranes
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Try the self marking quiz below - and remember to like and share
Nerves and Synapses - Resources, videos, exam questions
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Immune System - Resources to help you improve and test your understanding
Resources for learning the immune system. Powerpoints, animations, videos, self marking test and some rare immune sytem questions.
Immune system resources, powerpoints, animations, exam questions and self marking quiz.
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Please like and share
Enzymes - Test your Understanding
Multiple choice questions on enzymes, all past paper questions, a good way to assess your understanding
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Viruses and Prokaryotes - resources
Resources on viruses and prokaryotes
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Respiration - Test your understanding, tips, resources and a quiz
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It oxidises the final carrier in the ETC on the inner mitochondrial membrane and is reduced to water.
Hydrogen ions flow from the inter membrane space into the matrix via ATP synthase, this electrochemical gradient phosphorylates ADP.
Hydrogen ions are pumped from the matrix into the inter membrane space, using the energy from the electrons flowing along the ETC. The electrons come from the oxidation of food, transferred by coenzymes NAD and FAD.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Link and Krebs in the matrix. Link and Krebs produce carbon dioxide by the removal of a carboxyl group.
Fermentation is just glycolysis with a different way of regenerating NAD (from NADH) by the reduction of pyruvate (or ethanal).
Substrate level phosphorylation is the direct addition of phosphate to ADP, occurs in glycolysis (4 ATP) and Krebs (once per turn), chemiosmosis is H ions flowing through ATP synthase.
Cristae give a larger surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
Tips
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It oxidises the final carrier in the ETC on the inner mitochondrial membrane and is reduced to water.
Hydrogen ions flow from the inter membrane space into the matrix via ATP synthase, this electrochemical gradient phosphorylates ADP.
Hydrogen ions are pumped from the matrix into the inter membrane space, using the energy from the electrons flowing along the ETC. The electrons come from the oxidation of food, transferred by coenzymes NAD and FAD.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Link and Krebs in the matrix. Link and Krebs produce carbon dioxide by the removal of a carboxyl group.
Fermentation is just glycolysis with a different way of regenerating NAD (from NADH) by the reduction of pyruvate (or ethanal).
Substrate level phosphorylation is the direct addition of phosphate to ADP, occurs in glycolysis (4 ATP) and Krebs (once per turn), chemiosmosis is H ions flowing through ATP synthase.
Cristae give a larger surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
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Photosynthesis Tips - Notes, videos, powerpoints and a pack of long questions
Powerpoints and notes, a pack of long data analysis exam questions and a test on photosynthesis
Tips for Photosynthesis
LDR - occurs on the thylakoid membranes. Limiting factor is light intensity
Phosphorylates ADP (through chemiosmosis) - creates the Hydrogen ion gradient by the flow of electrons along the ETC in the thylakoid membrane. The flow of electrons is driven by the capturing of light by a range of different pigments which channel the energy to a chl a molecule at the reaction centre of the photosystem - which then loses an electron.
Reduces NADP with an electron from splitting water (photolysis) at PSII.
Light Independent Reaction (reduction of carbon dioxide) - occurs in the stroma (the cytoplasm of the chloroplast).
Limited by speed and quantity of RUBISCO enzyme (kinetic energy - temperature) and substrate concentration (Carbon dioxide)
Needs the products of the LDR - ATP and NADPH
NADPH and ATP are used to regenerate RUBP
Each time the Calvin cycle turns, a single Carbon is reduced. 3 turns - one extra Triose Phosphate. 6 turns - 2 extra TP = 1 extra glucose.
TP is the source of all of the carbon in all plants (and hence in all heterotrophes) - Amino acids, DNA, RNA, phospholipids etc
Powerpoints and notes, a pack of long data analysis exam questions and a test on photosynthesis
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Tips for Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reactions - occurs on the thylakoid membranes. Limiting factor is light intensity
Phosphorylates ADP (through chemiosmosis) - creates the Hydrogen ion gradient by the flow of electrons along the ETC in the thylakoid membrane. The flow of electrons is driven by the capturing of light by a range of different pigments which channel the energy to a chl a molecule at the reaction centre of the photosystem - which then loses an electron.
Reduces NADP with an electron from splitting water (photolysis) at PSII.
Light Independent Reaction (reduction of carbon dioxide) - occurs in the stroma (the cytoplasm of the chloroplast).
Limited by speed and quantity of RUBISCO enzyme (kinetic energy - temperature) and substrate concentration (Carbon dioxide)
Needs the products of the LDR - ATP and NADPH
NADPH and ATP are used to regenerate RUBP
Each time the Calvin cycle turns, a single Carbon is reduced. 3 turns - one extra Triose Phosphate. 6 turns - 2 extra TP = 1 extra glucose.
TP is the source of all of the carbon in all plants (and hence in all heterotrophes) - Amino acids, DNA, RNA, phospholipids etc
How things cross membranes - resources and exam questions (lots of application and data analysis)
Cell membranes, osmosis, diffusion , active transport, - lots of experimental and application questions
How things cross membranes - lots of data analysis and experiment questions.
Diffusion, Active Transport, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion.
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TIPS
Can you explain how the phospholipid bilayer stops the diffusion of water soluble compounds ?
Water potential is measured in kPA - a unit of pressure. So water moves to a lower water potential.
Can you define water potential ?
Facilitated means helped or assisted
the cellulose cell wall is permeable - but resists the expansion of the cytoplasm, therefore preventing osmotic lysis
Diffusion is moving from where there are lots to where there are few. Moving the opposite way needs energy
Protein Synthesis - Resources, Questions and a Quiz
Protein Synthesis - exam questions a quiz and powerpoints, videos and animations, please like and share
Videos, powerpoints, animation and notes for understanding protein synthesis in A level Biology. A pack of questions and an automarked quiz.
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Tips for Understanding Protein Synthesis
DO
Distinguish between Triplet, Codon, Anticodon
Know what RNA polymerase does
Understand how tRNA achieves translation
Mention ATP and what it is used for
remember that rRNA is made in the nucleolus
Refer to START and STOP codons
DONT
Say DNA is turned into mRNA
Say Thymine becomes Uracil
Say Amino acids are “joined together”
Here are lots of other excellent resources to help you improve
You could join other motivated U6th students in the group tutor sessions - twice a month
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Reproduction in Humans - Resource and Questions
Oegenesis, Gametogenesis, Fertilization in Humans
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Immunity Resources - Videos/Powerpoint and Worksheet - Example Questions with markscheme
Excellent immunity resources
Reproduction in Plants - Videos, Powerpoints and Questions
Plant reproduction - videos questions and resources
If you use then please like and share
Double fertilisation and Sporophyte/Gametophyte - a lot more interesting than many students think ...
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Homeostasis - Glucose and Temperature - Question Pack, Videos, Powerpoints
Homeostasis - Glucose and Temperature - for AQA and OCR
Question Pack, Videos, Powerpoints
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A-level Biology Questions by topic : Spirometer and Lung Volume Questions
A-level Biology Questions by topic : Spirometer and Lung Volume Questions - powerpoints and Videos
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Terrific pack of questions and markscheme
If you found it useful then please ❤️ (at the bottom of the page) and share, you can follow me on instagram - alevelbiologytutor
Tuesday night group tutoring topics and Y13 & Y12 OCR A and AQA small group weekly class information
Kidney Diseases, Dialysis and Transplant Questions - Questions by Topic
A-level Biology Questions on Kidney Dialysis and Transplants - useful powerpoints/animations and videos
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Kidney Disease Questions
OCR A/OCR B, Eduqas - excellent application questions on Kidney Diseases, Dialysis and Transplants
IIf you found this useful then please like and share.
Enzymes - Questions (and answers) - for A-level Biology - With Videos and Powerpoints to help recap the theory
Enzymes - Questions (and answers) - for A-level Biology - With Videos and Powerpoints to help recap the theory.
If you use then please like and share
Watch the video - and then - try these questions - from OCR A and B spec - but relevant to all UK boards.
Evolution, Classification and Biodiversity - OCR Questions and Markschemes for A-level Biology
A-level Biology questions by topic with markschemes on Evolution, Biodiversity and Classification. Video and PowerPoint to help you recap the theory. For OCR A Biology and other specifications.
if you use then please like or share
Questions by topic - Evolution, Classification and Biodiversity
Tends to be a marmite part of the specification for most students. Here is a great pack of OCR New Spec Questions on Evolution, Classification and Biodiversity
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Understanding Aerobic Respiration - Powerpoints, Animations, lots of exam questions and answers
A guide to aerobic and anaerobic respiration for A level Biology with plenty of exam questions on respiration with markschemes, for AQA, OCR, Edexcel
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Plenty of you are starting respiration - lots of good resources out there - try some of these
stunning animations - (needs flash - if you use iOS then puffin browser is excellent) Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
Terrific ATP powerpoint from Biological Science Review Extra
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This is an outstanding synoptic question from a Pre-U Biology Paper. Covers Protein Synthesis, Enzymes, Heart Disease, Respiration ....