A guest blog from Dr Jenny Shipway, who studied biochemistry at university and now works in science communication and education training.
Tricks of the Mind
The lazy brain
There's a dangerous trick your brain can play, which can fool you into using ineffective study techniques and lead to to exam-day confusion and disappointment. But you can overcome it if you know how.
You are sitting in the exam hall. The bell sounds to start the exam. You turn over the paper, read the question and smile. You confidently pick up your pen but … somehow you can’t pull up the knowledge you need. What was that word? You know you learned it, but your mind is blank.
After the exam, you talk to a friend. They tell you the word. “Aaah I knew that!!” you say. But no you didn’t; not when it mattered.
Did it really go in?
Your brain tricked you. Going through your notes before the exam, your brain seemed to be telling you that you knew all the content. However, really it was just telling you that your notes were familiar. You never asked if it could actually recall the information.
Human brains by nature like to minimise mental effort and to feel successful (it should be noted that these are features, not bugs). As a study technique, re-reading notes doesn’t strain your brain or make you feel like you’re failing in any way. You feel like you’re learning. But are you really? Is it possible to learn without making mental effort?
How to revise
In 2006, a study [1] was published comparing two groups of students, who studied some new information in two different ways. First they all had a look through the materials. Next, one set of students were asked to re-read everything, while the other set were asked to put the materials aside and write down everything they could remember. Some time later, both sets of students took an exam to see how much had stuck.
Going into the exam, the students who had had more time studying the information were more confident. They had been able to go through it a few times, so were more familiar with it. In contast, the students who had spent the second part of their time writing down what they had recalled were not so confident. They were aware that there were parts they had forgotten, and that they had been unable to recall it perfectly.
You can probably guess the exam results. Familiarity is not the same as learning, and the first set of students’ confidence was misplaced. The students who had practiced retriving the information from their memory during study time were better able to recall the same information in the exam.
Since then, many other studies have confirmed that practicing retrieval is a particularly effective way to study. It’s called the “Test Effect”. Recalling information flags it up in your brain as being worthwhile remembering for future use. Testing what you can recall even out-performs open-book mind-mapping; in a 2021 study [2] of biology studying techniques, mind-mapping wasn’t found to add anything to the boost students got from retrieval practice.
Keep the faith
Gravity will draw the knowledge down into the brain. Maybe.
Retrieval is hard work and it can be frustrating or demoralising if you can’t remember everything you expected to. But it’s a fantastic way to learn content properly. Be reassured that the brain-ache you experience during retrieval is the feeling of effective learning. And if you can’t remember as much as you expected? You’ve been tricked by familiarity. But it’s great that you discovered this now, rather than in the exam.
So give it a try: after you revise a topic, put your books aside and just write down everything you can remember. See if your expectation matches reality. And when you can’t remember everything, you can still reassure your uncomfortable brain that it’s done a great job.
In a nutshell:
Practicing recall helps you know for sure what you don’t know
Practicing recall makes the information more easily remembered again in future
When you can’t remember something, that’s not failure - you have successfully identified something for re-study
Dr Jenny Shipway
www.jennyshipway.com
References:
[1] Henry L Roediger & Jeffrey D Karpicke, Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Retention, Psychological Science 2006, 17(3) 249-255.
[2] Garrett M. O’Day and Jeffrey D. Karpicke, Comparing and Combining Retrieval Practice and Concept Mapping, Journal of Educational Psychology 2021, Vol. 113, No. 5, 986–997.